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Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. The professor is discussing the impact of urban development on local ecosystems. "Today we're going to talk about how urban sprawl affects biodiversity. When cities expand, natural habitats are fragmented into smaller patches. This fragmentation can isolate animal populations, reducing genetic diversity and making them more vulnerable to disease. However, not all effects are negative. Some species, like raccoons and pigeons, thrive in urban environments because they adapt to human food sources and structures. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that green spaces within cities, such as parks and community gardens, can serve as 'stepping stones' for wildlife, allowing species to move between larger reserves. This connectivity is crucial for maintaining healthy populations. So, while urbanization poses challenges, thoughtful city planning that includes these green corridors can mitigate some of the damage. Now, what are the key points to remember here? First, fragmentation reduces genetic diversity. Second, some species adapt well to cities. Third, green spaces can enhance connectivity. Keep these in mind as we look at case studies next."