Аудирование TOEFL

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Listen to part of a lecture in an environmental science class. Professor: Today we're going to talk about a surprisingly effective solution to urban flooding—something called 'sponge cities.' Now, you might think that flooding is only a problem in coastal areas, but actually, many inland cities face severe flooding due to heavy rainfall and poor drainage. The concept of a sponge city, which was popularized in China, involves redesigning urban landscapes to absorb and reuse rainwater naturally. Instead of relying solely on concrete pipes and drains, sponge cities incorporate green roofs, permeable pavements, and urban wetlands. These features allow water to soak into the ground, reducing the volume of runoff that overwhelms sewer systems. For example, in the city of Wuhan, after implementing sponge city measures, the frequency of street-level flooding decreased significantly. However, this approach is not a one-size-fits-all solution. The effectiveness depends on local soil conditions and climate. In areas with heavy clay soil, water absorption is slower, so additional measures like underground storage tanks may be needed. So, while sponge cities are promising, they require careful planning and adaptation to local contexts.