In psychology, the concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to the tendency to perceive an object only in terms of its most common or traditional use, thereby limiting the ability to imagine alternative functions. This cognitive bias can hinder problem-solving because individuals become 'fixated' on the object's typical purpose and fail to see how it might be repurposed in novel ways. Overcoming functional fixedness often requires a deliberate shift in perspective to unlock creative solutions.
🎧 Listening Lecture
Professor: Let me give you a classic example from a study. Participants were asked to fix a candle to a wall so that it would burn without dripping wax on the floor. They were given a box of tacks, a book of matches, and a candle. Most people struggled because they saw the box only as a container for tacks. They couldn't think of using the box as a platform to hold the candle. However, when the tacks were placed outside the box, participants immediately realized they could tack the box to the wall and put the candle inside it. The mere absence of the tacks inside the box helped them overcome functional fixedness and see the box's alternative use.
❓ Question Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness.
📊 TOEFL Speaking Task 3 Rubric
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 Answering Tips
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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⚠️ AI 自动评分基于托福官方口语三大维度（Delivery / Language Use / Topic Development）标准开发，结果仅供练习参考。
