In psychology, the concept of 'cognitive dissonance' refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person holds two contradictory beliefs, values, or attitudes, or when their behavior conflicts with their stated beliefs. To reduce this discomfort, individuals often modify their beliefs or rationalize their actions rather than change their behavior. This theory, proposed by Leon Festinger, suggests that humans strive for internal consistency and will go to great lengths to achieve it, often unconsciously.
🎧 リスニング講義
Professor: Let me give you a classic example. A student, Sarah, strongly believed that smoking was harmful and that she would never smoke. However, during a stressful exam week, she tried a cigarette and soon began smoking daily. Initially, she felt uneasy and guilty—that's cognitive dissonance. To ease this discomfort, instead of quitting, she started telling herself that smoking helped her concentrate and that the health risks were exaggerated. She even began reading articles that downplayed smoking's dangers. Over time, she convinced herself that it was a reasonable choice for managing stress. Notice how she didn't change her behavior; she changed her beliefs to match her actions.
❓ 質問 Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of cognitive dissonance.
📊 TOEFLスピーキング評価基準
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 解答のヒント
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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