托福口语 Task 3

In psychology, the concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to the tendency to perceive objects only in terms of their typical or intended functions, which can hinder problem-solving. When people are faced with a novel challenge, they often fail to see alternative uses for familiar items because their minds are 'fixed' on the conventional purpose. This cognitive bias limits creativity and flexibility. Overcoming functional fixedness requires actively reimagining an object's potential roles, a skill that can be cultivated through practice and open-mindedness.

Professor: Let me illustrate this with a classic experiment. Participants were given a box of thumbtacks, a candle, and a book of matches. Their task was to attach the candle to a wall so it could burn properly. Many tried to melt wax or tack the candle directly, but failed. The solution? Empty the box, tack it to the wall, and place the candle inside. Why did most struggle? Because they saw the box only as a container for tacks—its typical function. They couldn't see it as a potential shelf. Once they overcame that mental block, the problem was easy. So, functional fixedness made them blind to the box's alternative use.