In psychology, the concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to the tendency to perceive objects only in terms of their most common or traditional use, which limits our ability to think of novel applications. This cognitive bias can hinder problem-solving because individuals become 'fixated' on an object's typical function. Overcoming functional fixedness requires a mental shift to see beyond the obvious, often by redefining the problem or breaking the object into its basic components.
🎧 リスニング講義
Professor: Let me illustrate functional fixedness with a classic experiment. Participants were given a box of tacks, a candle, and a book of matches, and asked to attach the candle to a wall so it could burn without dripping wax on the floor. Many struggled because they saw the box only as a container for tacks. The solution? Empty the box, tack it to the wall, and place the candle inside. Those who succeeded overcame functional fixedness by recognizing the box could serve as a platform, not just a holder. Another group, however, was given the tacks separately from the box, and they solved it much faster—because the box's 'container' function wasn't as salient, making it easier to see its alternative use.
❓ 質問 Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness.
📊 TOEFLスピーキング評価基準
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 解答のヒント
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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