The concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used, preventing them from imagining alternative uses for it. This mental block can hinder problem-solving because individuals fail to see beyond an object's typical function. Overcoming functional fixedness often requires a creative shift in perspective, allowing one to repurpose familiar items in novel ways to achieve a goal.
🎧 リスニング講義
Professor: Let me give you an example from a classic psychology experiment. Participants were given a box of thumbtacks, a candle, and a book of matches, and asked to attach the candle to a wall so that it could burn without dripping wax on the floor. Many struggled. They tried to tack the candle directly to the wall, or melt wax to stick it, but failed. The key was to use the box as a candle holder—empty the tacks, tack the box to the wall, and place the candle inside. But most participants saw the box only as a container for tacks, not as a platform. That’s functional fixedness. Once someone realized the box could be repurposed, the problem was solved easily.
❓ 質問 Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness and how it affected the participants' ability to solve the problem.
📊 TOEFLスピーキング評価基準
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 解答のヒント
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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