In psychology, the concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in its traditional manner. This mental block prevents individuals from seeing alternative uses for familiar items, thereby hindering problem-solving and creativity. Functional fixedness often arises from past experiences and habitual thinking, making it difficult to approach challenges with a fresh perspective. Overcoming this bias requires conscious effort to think beyond conventional functions and explore novel applications of available resources.
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Professor: To illustrate functional fixedness, consider a classic experiment. Participants were given a candle, a box of thumbtacks, and a book of matches, and asked to attach the candle to a wall so it could burn without dripping wax on the floor. Many struggled because they saw the box only as a container for thumbtacks. The solution, however, was to empty the box, tack it to the wall, and place the candle inside. Those who failed were fixated on the box's typical function—holding tacks—and couldn't see it as a platform. This demonstrates how functional fixedness blocks creative problem-solving.
❓ คำถาม Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness.
📊 เกณฑ์การให้คะแนน TOEFL Speaking Task 3
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 เคล็ดลับ
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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