托福口语 Task 3

Social loafing is a phenomenon in which individuals exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone. This reduction in motivation often occurs because individual contributions become less identifiable, and people feel their efforts are less critical to the overall outcome. Social loafing can lead to decreased group productivity and lower quality of work. Researchers have studied this effect in various settings, such as workplaces and classrooms, to understand when and why it occurs.

So, let me give you a classic example from a study. In a rope-pulling experiment, participants were asked to pull a rope as hard as they could. When they pulled alone, they exerted a certain amount of force, say 100 units. But when they pulled in a group of three, the total force was not 300 units—it was only about 250 units. So each person was pulling less than they did alone. Why? Because in a group, individuals felt their effort was less noticeable, and they thought others would compensate. The same thing happens in real-life team projects. For instance, in a university group assignment, if a student believes their grade depends on the group’s overall performance and that their specific part won’t be evaluated separately, they might not work as hard as they would on a solo project. They might procrastinate or contribute fewer ideas, relying on others to carry the load. This shows how social loafing reduces individual effort in group settings.