TOEFLスピーキング Task 3

Social loafing is a phenomenon in which individuals exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone. This reduction in motivation often occurs because individual contributions become less identifiable, leading people to feel that their efforts are not essential to the group’s success. Researchers have found that social loafing can negatively affect group productivity and morale, but it can be reduced by making each member’s role and output more visible or by increasing personal accountability for the task.

Professor: Let me give you a real example from a marketing firm I consulted for. We had a team of five people designing a new advertising campaign. At the first meeting, everyone seemed engaged, but after a few weeks, I noticed that two members were barely contributing—they sat quietly, offered few ideas, and waited for others to make decisions. When I asked them individually why, they said, “Well, the team will come up with something anyway.” That’s classic social loafing. To fix it, I restructured the project. I assigned each person a specific component—one wrote the headline, one designed the visuals, one handled the budget, and so on. Each had to present their part to the whole team every Friday. Suddenly, everyone worked harder because their individual output was clear and linked to their name. The campaign ended up being one of the firm’s most successful projects.