In psychology, the concept of 'anchoring effect' refers to the tendency for individuals to rely heavily on the first piece of information they receive (the 'anchor') when making decisions. Once an anchor is set, subsequent judgments are made by adjusting away from that anchor, often leading to biased outcomes. This cognitive bias is observed in various contexts, such as pricing, negotiation, and estimation tasks, where the initial value disproportionately influences final choices.
🎧 リスニング講義
Professor: Let me give you a real-world example. In a study, participants were asked to estimate the price of a used car. Half of them were first shown a list with a very high price, say $10,000, as a suggested starting point. The other half saw a low starting point, like $2,000. Even though the actual car was worth around $5,000, those who saw the high anchor estimated the car to be worth around $8,500, while those who saw the low anchor estimated only $3,200. Notice how their final estimates were clearly biased toward the initial anchor, not based on the car's true value. This demonstrates how the first number presented can skew our judgment, even when we know it's arbitrary.
❓ 質問 Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of the anchoring effect.
📊 TOEFLスピーキング評価基準
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 解答のヒント
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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