TOEFLスピーキング Task 3

In psychology, the concept of 'social loafing' refers to the tendency for individuals to exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone. This phenomenon occurs because people feel less accountable for the final outcome and believe their individual contribution is less noticeable. Social loafing can reduce overall group productivity and is often observed in tasks where group members’ efforts are combined without clear individual evaluation. Researchers have studied this behavior to understand how group dynamics influence motivation and performance.

Professor: Now, let me give you an example from a real classroom situation. Imagine a group of four students in a science class are assigned to build a model volcano together. They all know they will receive the same grade for the project. One student, Tom, is very enthusiastic and does most of the work—mixing the clay and painting. The others, however, spend time chatting or checking their phones. They assume Tom will take care of it. In the end, the volcano works, but it’s not as detailed as it could have been. When the teacher asks each student to describe their specific contribution, the three others struggle to explain what they did. This shows how, in a group setting, individuals often reduce their effort because they feel their input won’t be individually judged. If they had been graded separately, they would likely have worked harder.