In psychology, the concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to a cognitive bias that limits a person to using an object only in the way it is traditionally used. This mental block prevents individuals from imagining alternative uses for familiar objects, thereby hindering creative problem-solving. Functional fixedness often arises when people become overly familiar with an object's standard function, making it difficult to perceive its other potential applications. Overcoming this bias requires deliberate effort to think beyond conventional uses.
🎧 การบรรยาย
Professor: Let me give you an example from a classic study. Participants were given a box of thumbtacks, a candle, and a book of matches, and asked to attach the candle to a wall so it could burn without dripping wax on the floor. Many people tried to tack the candle directly to the wall or melt wax to stick it, but failed. The solution was to empty the thumbtack box, tack it to the wall as a platform, and then place the candle inside. However, most participants couldn't see the box as anything but a container for tacks. They were fixated on its usual function. Once someone pointed out the box could serve as a shelf, they immediately solved the problem. This shows how functional fixedness blocks creativity.
❓ คำถาม Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness.
📊 เกณฑ์การให้คะแนน TOEFL Speaking Task 3
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 เคล็ดลับ
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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⚠️ AI 自动评分基于托福官方口语三大维度（Delivery / Language Use / Topic Development）标准开发，结果仅供练习参考。
