The concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to the tendency of individuals to perceive objects only in terms of their typical or intended functions, thereby limiting their ability to use them in novel ways to solve problems. This cognitive bias can hinder creativity and problem-solving because the person overlooks alternative uses for familiar items. Overcoming functional fixedness often requires a deliberate shift in perspective or a prompt that encourages thinking beyond conventional associations.
🎧 リスニング講義
Professor: Now, consider a classic experiment. Participants were given a candle, a box of tacks, and a book of matches. Their task was to attach the candle to a wall so that it could burn without dripping wax on the floor. Many struggled because they saw the box only as a container for tacks. However, those who succeeded realized they could empty the box, tack it to the wall as a platform, and melt wax to secure the candle onto it. The key was to view the box not as a storage item but as a potential shelf. Once they broke free from its typical function, the solution became clear. This illustrates how functional fixedness can block problem-solving until we reframe an object's use.
❓ 質問 Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness.
📊 TOEFLスピーキング評価基準
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 解答のヒント
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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