TOEFLスピーキング Task 3

Social loafing is a phenomenon in which individuals exert less effort when working in a group than when working alone. This reduction in motivation often occurs because individual contributions are less identifiable in a group setting, leading people to feel that their personal effort is not crucial to the overall outcome. Social loafing can negatively affect group performance and is more likely to occur when tasks are simple or when group members believe others will compensate for their lack of effort. Understanding this concept is important for designing effective teamwork strategies.

Professor: Let me give you an example from a study I once conducted with my students. We asked participants to pull a rope attached to a device that measured force. When each person pulled alone, they averaged about 85 pounds of force. But when we asked them to pull in groups of four, the average force per person dropped to about 65 pounds. Interestingly, when we blindfolded participants and told them they were pulling with others—but actually they pulled alone—their force decreased even more, to about 60 pounds. This shows that just the belief of being in a group reduced effort. In a real-world context, consider a group project in a classroom. When students are assigned to write a report together, some may contribute less, assuming others will pick up the slack. The result is often a lower-quality report than if each student had worked independently on his or her section.