The concept of 'functional fixedness' refers to the tendency of individuals to perceive objects only in terms of their typical or intended use, which limits their ability to think of novel applications for those objects. This cognitive bias can hinder problem-solving because it prevents people from seeing alternative functions for familiar items. Overcoming functional fixedness often requires a deliberate shift in perspective or an external cue that prompts creative thinking.
🎧 Bài giảng
Professor: Let me illustrate this with a classic experiment. Participants were given a candle, a box of tacks, and a book of matches, and asked to attach the candle to a wall so it could burn properly. Some participants received the tacks in a separate box; others received them inside the box that was clearly meant to be a container. Those who saw the box as a container struggled, because they saw it only as a holder for tacks. But participants who received the tacks separately often solved the problem by tacking the empty box to the wall and placing the candle inside it. The successful group overcame functional fixedness by seeing the box not just as a container, but as a platform or shelf.
❓ Câu hỏi Question: Using the example from the lecture, explain the concept of functional fixedness.
📊 Tiêu chí chấm TOEFL Speaking Task 3
Delivery: Fluency, pronunciation, intonation
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, sentence variety
Topic Development: Accurately explain the reading concept and restate the lecture examples
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-4, scaled to 30). 30s preparation, 60s response.
💡 Mẹo làm bài
Note the core concept definition from the reading (usually 1-2 sentences)
Record 1-2 specific examples the professor uses in the lecture
Start with the concept definition, then explain with lecture examples
Use template phrases: "The reading defines... The professor illustrates this by..."
Keep within 60s; ensure clarity and fluency
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