The introduction of invasive species into new environments often leads to ecological disruption. However, some scientists argue that invasive species can also bring unexpected benefits. One such example is the introduction of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) into North American freshwater systems. Proponents of this view offer three main arguments. First, zebra mussels improve water quality by filtering out algae and particulate matter, which reduces turbidity and allows sunlight to penetrate deeper, fostering the growth of beneficial aquatic plants. Second, they provide a new food source for some native predators, such as diving ducks and certain fish species, which have adapted to feed on these abundant mussels. Third, their presence has stimulated economic activity by creating jobs in industries that manage or harvest them, such as biofouling control and the collection of mussel shells for use in construction materials. Thus, the zebra mussel, despite being invasive, is argued to have net positive effects on both ecosystems and human economies.
🎧 听力讲座
🎯 模拟考试环境：先点「播放讲座」听完内容，再作答。听力原文默认隐藏。
The professor challenges the reading's claims about zebra mussels bringing benefits. She argues that the apparent advantages are misleading and overshadowed by severe harms. First, while zebra mussels do filter water, this process removes not only algae but also essential plankton, which forms the base of the aquatic food web. The resulting clearer water actually favors invasive plants like Eurasian watermilfoil, which outcompetes native vegetation, reducing habitat quality for native fish and invertebrates. Second, although some predators eat zebra mussels, they are not a reliable food source because zebra mussels have thick shells and low nutritional value. Moreover, their rapid reproduction overwhelms any predation, allowing their populations to explode, which displaces native mussel species that are critical for ecosystem health. Third, the economic activities mentioned are not a net gain; instead, the costs of managing zebra mussel infestations—such as clogged pipes at power plants and water treatment facilities—are enormous, running into millions of dollars annually. These costs far exceed any revenue from mussel shell collection, which is a minor byproduct. Therefore, the supposed benefits are either ecologically harmful or economically insignificant compared to the damages.
📝 Инструкция по письму Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
