The extinction of the dodo bird, a flightless species endemic to Mauritius, has long been attributed to human overhunting by Dutch sailors in the 17th century. However, recent research suggests that the primary cause was not hunting but the introduction of invasive species. Three key pieces of evidence support this view. First, historical records indicate that the dodo was not a primary food source for sailors, who found its meat tough and unpalatable, and instead relied on salted provisions and other native birds like the red rail. Second, the dodo's nesting habits—laying a single large egg on the ground—made it extremely vulnerable to predation by introduced mammals such as pigs, rats, and macaques, which were brought to the island by ships. These animals would raid nests and consume eggs, leading to a rapid decline in reproductive success. Third, ecological modeling shows that the dodo population could have sustained moderate hunting pressure, but could not withstand the combined effects of egg predation and habitat destruction caused by the invasive species, which also competed for food resources. Thus, the dodo's extinction was a consequence of ecological disruption, not direct human slaughter.
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The reading's argument that invasive species, not hunting, caused the dodo's extinction is flawed. While it is true that sailors found dodo meat unpalatable, this does not mean hunting was negligible. Dutch and Portuguese sailors, as well as later settlers, killed dodos for other reasons—such as collecting specimens for museums, using their gizzards as grinding stones, or simply for sport. Eyewitness accounts from the period describe mass killings of dodos for amusement, with no consumption. Furthermore, the idea that introduced species were the primary cause overlooks the timing. Fossil evidence and early traveler logs indicate that dodo numbers were already plummeting within decades of human arrival, before invasive species like pigs and macaques had established significant populations. Rats, for instance, did not become abundant until after the dodo was nearly extinct. Additionally, the dodo was adapted to ground nesting, and native predators like land crabs and lizards already posed a threat, but the dodo had coexisted with them for millennia. The sudden and rapid decline coincides with the peak of human activity and hunting, not with the gradual spread of invasive species. Therefore, the reading's reliance on invasive species as a sole explanation is contradicted by historical and ecological evidence.
📝 작문 지시 Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
