The concept of rewilding—restoring ecosystems to their pre-human state by reintroducing apex predators and keystone species—has gained traction as a conservation strategy. Proponents argue that rewilding can restore ecological balance, enhance biodiversity, and even mitigate climate change. However, a closer examination reveals that rewilding is fraught with practical and theoretical flaws, making it an impractical solution for modern conservation. First, rewilding assumes that stable 'baseline' ecosystems existed before human interference, but such baselines are largely mythical. Ecosystems have always been in flux due to natural climate shifts and species migrations, so targeting a specific historical state is arbitrary and unscientific. Second, reintroducing large predators like wolves or bears often leads to human-wildlife conflict, particularly in densely populated areas. Livestock depredation and threats to human safety create public opposition, undermining conservation efforts and leading to political backlash. Third, rewilding projects are prohibitively expensive and logistically complex. Capturing, transporting, and monitoring animals over large areas requires vast resources, which could be better spent on protecting existing habitats or addressing root causes like habitat fragmentation and pollution. Therefore, rewilding is a nostalgic fantasy that distracts from pragmatic, evidence-based conservation.
🎧 听力讲座
🎯 模拟考试环境：先点「播放讲座」听完内容，再作答。听力原文默认隐藏。
The lecture challenges the reading's skepticism about rewilding, arguing that these criticisms are overstated and ignore successful case studies. First, while ecosystems are dynamic, the reading misrepresents the goal of rewilding. Conservationists do not aim for a single static baseline but rather use historical data to restore functional processes, such as predation and herbivory, which have been disrupted by human activity. This approach is grounded in ecological theory, not arbitrary nostalgia. Second, conflicts with humans are manageable through modern tools like fencing, compensation programs, and community engagement. For instance, in Yellowstone National Park, wolf reintroduction has boosted biodiversity and tourism, and ranchers have been compensated for livestock losses, reducing opposition. Third, the cost argument is misleading. While rewilding requires upfront investment, it often proves cost-effective in the long term by reducing the need for continuous human intervention, such as culling overpopulated herbivores, and by providing ecosystem services like carbon sequestration. Moreover, the reading fails to consider that habitat protection alone cannot reverse the effects of trophic cascades; active restoration is necessary. Thus, rewilding is a viable and necessary tool when implemented with adaptive management and stakeholder cooperation.
📝 작문 지시 Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
