The introduction of invasive species into new environments often leads to ecological disruption, but a growing number of scientists argue that in certain cases, invasive species can provide significant benefits to their new ecosystems. One key argument is that invasive species can increase biodiversity. For example, the introduction of the zebra mussel in the Great Lakes has been shown to improve water clarity, allowing sunlight to penetrate deeper and promoting the growth of native aquatic plants, which in turn supports a wider variety of invertebrates and fish. A second point is that invasive species can fill vacant ecological niches. In Hawaii, where many native bird species have gone extinct, introduced birds such as the Japanese white-eye have taken over roles like seed dispersal and pollination, thereby maintaining essential ecosystem functions that would otherwise be lost. Finally, invasive species can serve as a valuable food source for native predators. In the Mediterranean Sea, the invasive rabbitfish has become a major prey item for native groupers and other commercially important fish, helping to sustain their populations during times when native prey are scarce. These examples suggest that rather than always being harmful, invasive species can sometimes play a constructive role in their adopted habitats.
🎧 听力讲座
🎯 模拟考试环境：先点「播放讲座」听完内容，再作答。听力原文默认隐藏。
The reading presents a rosy picture of invasive species, but the lecture challenges these claims by highlighting the negative consequences that are often overlooked. First, while the zebra mussel may improve water clarity, this is not an unqualified benefit. The increased clarity actually harms native fish species that are adapted to murky waters, as they lose their cover from predators. Moreover, the zebra mussel filters out phytoplankton, which is the base of the aquatic food web, leading to a collapse in native zooplankton and small fish populations. So, the apparent increase in plant life does not compensate for the overall loss of biodiversity. Second, the idea that invasive birds fill vacant niches is misleading. The Japanese white-eye, for instance, competes aggressively with remaining native birds for food and nesting sites, and it also spreads non-native plant seeds, which alters the natural vegetation structure. Rather than restoring ecosystem functions, these birds actually accelerate the decline of native species. Third, the claim that invasive species serve as food for native predators ignores the fact that predators often suffer from consuming these new prey. In the Mediterranean, rabbitfish feed on toxic algae, and when groupers consume them, they accumulate toxins in their tissues, leading to reproductive problems and increased mortality. Thus, the supposed benefits are either overstated or come with hidden costs that undermine the ecosystem's health.
📝 ライティング指示 Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
