The extinction of the megafauna—large animals such as mammoths, giant sloths, and saber-toothed cats—at the end of the Pleistocene epoch has long puzzled scientists. While many factors have been proposed, the most compelling explanation is overhunting by early humans. First, archaeological evidence shows that human arrival in new regions closely coincides with the rapid decline of megafauna. For instance, in North America, the Clovis culture appeared around 13,000 years ago, and within a few thousand years, most large mammal species vanished. Second, megafauna species were particularly vulnerable to hunting because of their slow reproductive rates and long gestation periods. Even low levels of hunting could drive populations to extinction, as they could not replenish their numbers quickly. Third, the selective extinction pattern supports the overhunting hypothesis: species that went extinct were typically large-bodied and thus preferred targets for human hunters, while smaller animals survived. In contrast, climate change would have affected a broader range of species, not just the largest ones. Therefore, human predation is the primary driver of the megafauna extinction.
🎧 听力讲座
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The lecture challenges the overhunting theory presented in the reading. While the timing of human arrival and megafauna decline is suggestive, correlation does not prove causation. In many regions, such as Australia, the extinction occurred thousands of years after humans arrived, and in some cases, human populations were sparse, making widespread hunting unlikely. Moreover, the claim that slow reproductive rates made megafauna easy to overhunt ignores the fact that many species had coexisted with predators for millennia. Their vulnerability to hunting would depend on many factors, such as habitat and behavior, not just reproductive rates. Furthermore, the selective extinction pattern can be explained by climate change just as well. Larger animals have higher metabolic demands and require more food and water, making them more susceptible to environmental shifts like droughts and vegetation changes. In fact, paleoclimate data show that the end of the Pleistocene was marked by dramatic and rapid climate fluctuations, which could have disrupted ecosystems and caused the disappearance of large species. Thus, the lecture argues that climate change, not human hunting, is the more plausible cause.
📝 Инструкция по письму Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
