The extinction of the dodo bird, a flightless species endemic to Mauritius, has long been attributed to human overhunting. However, recent research suggests that the dodo's demise was primarily caused by the introduction of invasive species, particularly pigs and macaques, which destroyed its ground nests and competed for food. Proponents of this view argue three main points. First, historical records indicate that sailors and colonists often complained about the scarcity of dodo meat, suggesting that hunting pressure was low and unsustainable hunting unlikely. Second, the dodo's nesting habits—laying a single egg on the forest floor—made it extremely vulnerable to predation by pigs and monkeys, which were introduced by European ships in the early 1600s. Third, the rapid decline of the dodo within a century of human arrival correlates more strongly with the spread of invasive mammals than with the relatively small human population on the island. Therefore, the dodo's extinction should be seen as a case of ecological disruption by non-native species, not human overhunting.
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The lecture challenges the reading's argument that invasive species, not human hunting, caused the dodo's extinction. While the reading dismisses hunting as a minor factor, the professor points out that historical logs from Dutch ships describe large-scale hunting expeditions, with crews capturing dozens of dodos at a time for food and provisions. These records show that hunting was far from scarce, and the dodo's naivety—having no natural predators—made them easy targets. As for the nesting vulnerability, the professor argues that invasive pigs and macaques were present on Mauritius for decades before the dodo went extinct, yet dodos persisted. It was only after intensified human settlement and hunting that the population collapsed, suggesting predation alone could not have driven extinction. Furthermore, the reading overlooks direct evidence: subfossil remains of dodos show cut marks from metal tools, and many bones are found near old cooking sites. This indicates that humans actively consumed dodos in large numbers. The professor concludes that while invasive species may have contributed, overwhelming evidence points to human overhunting as the primary cause of the dodo's rapid extinction.
📝 작문 지시 Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
