The extinction of the dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous period has long been attributed to a massive asteroid impact. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that intense volcanic activity in the Deccan Traps of India was the primary cause. First, the timing of the Deccan eruptions coincides with the extinction event. Radioisotopic dating places the main phase of volcanic activity at approximately 66 million years ago, precisely when the dinosaurs disappeared. Second, volcanic gases, particularly sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, would have caused severe climate change. Sulfur aerosols reflect sunlight, leading to a global cooling or 'volcanic winter,' while CO2 emissions would cause long-term warming. Such rapid temperature fluctuations would have stressed ecosystems globally. Third, the fossil record shows that dinosaur populations were already declining hundreds of thousands of years before the asteroid impact, suggesting that volcanic stress had already pushed many species to the brink. This pre-impact decline is inconsistent with a sudden asteroid-driven extinction. Therefore, while the asteroid may have delivered a final blow, the Deccan volcanism was the decisive factor in the dinosaurs' demise.
🎧 听力讲座
🎯 模拟考试环境：先点「播放讲座」听完内容，再作答。听力原文默认隐藏。
The lecture challenges the volcanic theory presented in the reading. While the Deccan eruptions were indeed massive and occurred around 66 million years ago, their duration was not a sudden event. The main phase of activity may have lasted over 500,000 years, whereas the extinction at the Cretaceous-Paleogene boundary was geologically instantaneous. This mismatch in timescales suggests that volcanism alone cannot explain the sudden disappearance of dinosaurs. Second, the climate effects of volcanic gases are not as straightforward as the reading claims. Recent climate models indicate that the cooling from sulfur aerosols was largely offset by the warming from CO2, resulting in only modest temperature changes over millennia, not the extreme swings proposed. In contrast, an asteroid impact would inject dust and soot into the stratosphere, causing a rapid and catastrophic drop in sunlight and photosynthesis, a mechanism far more abrupt and devastating. Third, the claim of pre-impact dinosaur decline is based on limited fossil data, often from regions with incomplete records. In fact, high-resolution studies from North America show that dinosaur diversity was stable right up to the impact layer. The apparent decline in some areas may reflect sampling biases or regional variations, not a global trend. Thus, the evidence strongly supports the asteroid impact as the primary cause, with volcanism playing only a minor role.
📝 คำแนะนำการเขียน Summarize the points made in the lecture, being sure to explain how they cast doubt on the specific points made in the reading passage.
📊 TOEFL Integrated Writing Rubric
Content Accuracy: Accurately capture the relationship between lecture and reading
Information Completeness: Cover all key counter-arguments from the lecture
Structure & Coherence: Logical organization and progression
Language Use: Grammar, vocabulary, expression accuracy
Scored 0-30 based on holistic scoring (original 0-5, scaled to 30).
